Dysmenorrhea refers to the symptom of painful flow. It is divided into a pair of broad categories: primary (occurring within the absence of girdle pathology) and secondary (resulting from recognizable organic diseases).
Signs and symptoms
A complete history ought to embrace the following:
Age at start
Menstrual frequency, length of amount, calculable menstrual blood, and presence or absence of intermenstrual trauma
Associated symptoms
Onset, duration, type, and severity of pain, likewise as its relevance the oscillation
External factors touching the pain
Impact of pain on physical and group action
Progression of symptom severity
Sexual and medicine history
Clinical options of dysmenorrhea embrace the following:
Onset shortly when start (≤6 months)
Usual length of 48-72 hours (often beginning many hours before or simply when the emission flow)
Cramping or pain
Background of constant lower abdominal pain, diverging to the rear or thigh
Often quotidian girdle examination findings (including rectal)
The following might indicate [1, 2, 3] :
starting within the 20s or 30s, when previous comparatively painless cycles
Heavy menstrual blood or irregular trauma
Dysmenorrhea occurring throughout the primary or second cycles when start
Pelvic abnormality with physical examination
Poor response to anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAIDs) or oral contraceptives (OCs)
Infertility
Dyspareunia
Vaginal discharge.
A complete physical examination ought to be performed. A girdle examination is crucial for excluding female internal reproductive organ irregularities, cul-de-sac tenderness, or suggestive nodularities and includes the following:
Inspection of the external genital organ
Inspection of the canal vault
Inspection of the cervix
Bimanual examination
See Presentation for a lot of detail.
Diagnosis
No tests area unit specific to the designation of dysmenorrhea. the subsequent laboratory studies is also performed to spot or exclude organic causes of secondary dysmenorrhea:
Complete blood count with differential
Gonococcal and Cupid's itch cultures, protein immunochemical assay, and deoxyribonucleic acid probe testing
Quantitative human sac hormone level
Erythrocyte ESR
Urinalysis
Stool lignum vitae
Cancer substance one hundred twenty five assay
If girdle pathology is suspected, the subsequent imaging studies is also considered:
Abdominal or transvaginal ultrasound
Hysterosalpingography
Intravenous roentgenography
Computed pictorial representation
Magnetic resonance imaging
Other a lot of invasive studies that will be thought of area unit as follows:
Laparoscopy
Hysteroscopy
Dilatation and surgical procedure
See Workup for a lot of detail.
Management
Pharmacotherapy is that the most reliable and effective treatment for relieving pain. Treatment of dysmenorrhea involves correction of the underlying organic cause.
NSAIDs specifically approved by the FDA for treatment of pain area unit as follows:
Diclofenac
Ibuprofen
Ketoprofen
Meclofenamate
Mefenamic acid
Naproxen
Other NSAIDs and analgesics that are used embrace the following:
Aspirin
Acetaminophen
COX-2 inhibitors
Narcotics
Montelukast.
Dysmenorrhea is outlined as troublesome menstrual blood or painful flow. it's one amongst the foremost common medicine complaints in young girls World Health Organization gift to clinicians. [4] best management of this symptom depends on Associate in Nursing understanding of the underlying cause. pain is divided into a pair of broad categories: primary (spasmodic) and secondary (congestive). [5]
Primary dysmenorrhea is outlined as emission pain that's not related to macroscopic girdle pathology (ie, happens within the absence of girdle disease). It generally happens within the initial few years when start [6] and affects as several as five hundredth of postpubertal females. [7] dysmenorrhea is outlined as emission pain ensuing from anatomic or macroscopic girdle pathology, [6, 8] as is seen in girls with pathology or chronic girdle disease. it's most frequently determined in girls aged 30-45 years.
Signs and symptoms
A complete history ought to embrace the following:
Age at start
Menstrual frequency, length of amount, calculable menstrual blood, and presence or absence of intermenstrual trauma
Associated symptoms
Onset, duration, type, and severity of pain, likewise as its relevance the oscillation
External factors touching the pain
Impact of pain on physical and group action
Progression of symptom severity
Sexual and medicine history
Clinical options of dysmenorrhea embrace the following:
Onset shortly when start (≤6 months)
Usual length of 48-72 hours (often beginning many hours before or simply when the emission flow)
Cramping or pain
Background of constant lower abdominal pain, diverging to the rear or thigh
Often quotidian girdle examination findings (including rectal)
The following might indicate [1, 2, 3] :
starting within the 20s or 30s, when previous comparatively painless cycles
Heavy menstrual blood or irregular trauma
Dysmenorrhea occurring throughout the primary or second cycles when start
Pelvic abnormality with physical examination
Poor response to anti-inflammatory medicine (NSAIDs) or oral contraceptives (OCs)
Infertility
Dyspareunia
Vaginal discharge.
A complete physical examination ought to be performed. A girdle examination is crucial for excluding female internal reproductive organ irregularities, cul-de-sac tenderness, or suggestive nodularities and includes the following:
Inspection of the external genital organ
Inspection of the canal vault
Inspection of the cervix
Bimanual examination
See Presentation for a lot of detail.
Diagnosis
No tests area unit specific to the designation of dysmenorrhea. the subsequent laboratory studies is also performed to spot or exclude organic causes of secondary dysmenorrhea:
Complete blood count with differential
Gonococcal and Cupid's itch cultures, protein immunochemical assay, and deoxyribonucleic acid probe testing
Quantitative human sac hormone level
Erythrocyte ESR
Urinalysis
Stool lignum vitae
Cancer substance one hundred twenty five assay
If girdle pathology is suspected, the subsequent imaging studies is also considered:
Abdominal or transvaginal ultrasound
Hysterosalpingography
Intravenous roentgenography
Computed pictorial representation
Magnetic resonance imaging
Other a lot of invasive studies that will be thought of area unit as follows:
Laparoscopy
Hysteroscopy
Dilatation and surgical procedure
See Workup for a lot of detail.
Management
Pharmacotherapy is that the most reliable and effective treatment for relieving pain. Treatment of dysmenorrhea involves correction of the underlying organic cause.
NSAIDs specifically approved by the FDA for treatment of pain area unit as follows:
Diclofenac
Ibuprofen
Ketoprofen
Meclofenamate
Mefenamic acid
Naproxen
Other NSAIDs and analgesics that are used embrace the following:
Aspirin
Acetaminophen
COX-2 inhibitors
Narcotics
Montelukast.
Dysmenorrhea is outlined as troublesome menstrual blood or painful flow. it's one amongst the foremost common medicine complaints in young girls World Health Organization gift to clinicians. [4] best management of this symptom depends on Associate in Nursing understanding of the underlying cause. pain is divided into a pair of broad categories: primary (spasmodic) and secondary (congestive). [5]
Primary dysmenorrhea is outlined as emission pain that's not related to macroscopic girdle pathology (ie, happens within the absence of girdle disease). It generally happens within the initial few years when start [6] and affects as several as five hundredth of postpubertal females. [7] dysmenorrhea is outlined as emission pain ensuing from anatomic or macroscopic girdle pathology, [6, 8] as is seen in girls with pathology or chronic girdle disease. it's most frequently determined in girls aged 30-45 years.
